Material Specification & RoHS Database

1. Engineering Summary

This database adopts a 3D audit logic: "Process Priority, Performance Grading, and Eco-Compliance", minimizing ambiguous terms to ensure reliable selection:

Process Compliance (Mandatory)

Restricted to Continuous Casting or Centrifugal Casting processes. Wrought/Extruded materials are not recommended for sliding bearings to reduce the risk of delamination and seizing under radial friction.

Risk Grading

Materials are classified into Category A (Heavy Load/High Strength), Category B (General Industrial Mainstay), and Category C (Eco/Light Load). These are strictly correlated with mating shaft hardness requirements to minimize the risk of shaft wear or bearing failure.

Eco-Compliance

For leaded bronzes, RoHS exemption clauses (Exemption 6c) are audited; for food and water systems, lead-free materials are mandatory to ensure full lifecycle compliance.

2. Sliding Bearing Material Specification & Compliance Audit (Expert Verified)

A strategic overview mapping Audit Categories to RoHS compliance and recommended mating shaft hardness.

Audit Cat	Standard	Alloy Symbol	RoHS Status	Pb Content	Shaft Hardness Req.	Engineering Selection Logic (Expert Audit)
A	ASTM	C86300	Compliant	<0.2%	≥ 500 HB (HRC 50)	Severe static load; Minimal embeddability.
A	ASTM	C95400	Compliant	<0.05%	≥ 450 HB (HRC 45)	Heavy load/Fatigue; Requires continuous lubrication.
A	ASTM	C95500	Compliant	<0.05%	≥ 450 HB (HRC 45)	High cavitation resistance; Industrial heavy-duty.
B	ASTM	C93200	Exemption 6c	~7.0%	≥ 250 HB (HRC 25)	Industry Benchmark. Balanced friction & conformability.
B	ASTM	C93700	Exemption 6c	~9.5%	≥ 250 HB (HRC 25)	Excellent acid resistance & anti-galling properties.
B	EN	CuSn7Zn4Pb7-C	Exemption 6c	~6.0%	≥ 250 HB (HRC 25)	Precision machine tool spindles; Stable boundary lube.
C	ASTM	C87850	Compliant	<0.1%	≥ 300 HB (HRC 30)	Potable water systems; Lead-free regulation compliance.
C	ASTM	C89835	Compliant	<0.09%	≥ 250 HB (HRC 25)	Food processing machinery; Lead-free drop-in replacement.
C	ASTM	SAE 841	Compliant	<0.1%	≥ 300 HB (HRC 30)	Micro-motors; High speed/light load self-lubricity.

(Note: This table displays key grading examples. The complete database of 88+ alloys has been audited following this internal logic.)

3. Mating Shaft Requirements & Engineering Standards (Summary)

When selecting sliding bearings, "Bearing Material Hardness" must correspond to the "Mating Shaft Requirements". Utilizing an inadequate shaft hardness will significantly compromise the bearing system's lifespan.

Category	Typical Hardness	Shaft Hardness Req.	Surface Finish (Ra)	Engineering Rationale
I. Conformable / Leaded	50 – 80 HB	≥ 250 HB (HRC 25)	≤ 0.8 μm	Highly conformable/embeddable. Forgiving to slight misalignments and minor debris.
II. Fatigue-Resistant	80 – 120 HB	≥ 300 HB (HRC 30)	≤ 0.6 μm	High strength. Requires a harder shaft to maintain oil film stability under continuous load.
III. High-Strength / Hard	120 – 260 HB	≥ 400 - 550 HB	≤ 0.4 μm	High hardness, minimal embeddability. A softer shaft is highly susceptible to accelerated wear.

4. Detailed Hardness & Machining Correlation Table

Alloy Category (Example)	Hardness (HB)	Min. Shaft Req.	Roughness (μm)	Critical Note
Leaded Red Brass (C83600)	50 – 70	250 HB (HRC 25)	0.8	Low load; Standard machining.
Leaded Tin Bronze (C93200)	50 – 80	250 HB (HRC 25)	0.6 – 0.8	Industry Standard. High embeddability.
Tin/Phosphor Bronze (C90700)	80 – 100	300 HB (HRC 30)	0.4 – 0.6	Precision gear pairing; High fatigue.
Silicon Brass (EN Standards)	70 – 150	250 - 400 HB	0.4 – 0.6	Application specific; Check lead-free status.
Aluminum Bronze (C95400)	150 – 200	450 HB (HRC 45)	≤ 0.4	Requires hardened shaft.
Manganese Bronze / High Strength Brass (C86300)	180 – 230	500 HB (HRC 50)	≤ 0.2	High hardness. Minimal embeddability.
Solid Lubricant Bronze (JDB Series)	150 – 210	450+ HB (HRC 45)	0.4	Graphite plugs compensate for friction under heavy loads. Oilless operation.

5. Engineering Selection Logic Flow

To optimize selection reliability, we strongly recommend the following engineering logic flow:

Step 1: Application Condition Assessment

Is there contamination (sand/debris)? → Select Category I (High embeddability).
Is it a continuous transmission (e.g., worm gear)? → Select Category II (High rigidity).
Is it a severe impact / ultra-low speed / inaccessible lubrication application? → Select Category III or JDB Solid Lubricant Series.

Step 2: Shaft Verification (Crucial)

If you selected a Category III material, it is highly recommended to verify the design drawings: Is the mating steel shaft induction hardened to ≥ HRC 45-50? Is the finish polished to Ra ≤ 0.4 μm?
If NO: Consider downgrading to Category II or I materials to minimize the risk of shaft destruction.

Step 3: Lubrication System

For Category I (Leaded) alloys: High active Sulfur/Phosphorus EP lubricants may cause corrosion and should be avoided.
For Category III (Hard) alloys: The lubrication system should feature an oil filter rated ≤ 25 μm, as these alloys exhibit minimal embeddability for foreign particles.

6. Copper Alloy Casting Specification & Cross-Reference Matrix

ASTM Standard	Alloy Symbol	Closest CDA Alias	EN/ISO Equivalent Grade	Category / Type	Manufacturing Process
B505 / B271 / B22	C83600	C836 / CDA836	CC491K (CuSn5ZnPb5-C)	Tin Bronze	Continuous/Centrifugal Casting
B505 / B271 / B22	C84400	C844 / CDA844	CC490K (CuSn3Zn8Pb5-C)	Tin Bronze	Continuous/Centrifugal Casting
B505 / B271 / B22	C86200	C862 / CDA862	CC764S (CuZn34Mn3Al2Fe1-C)	Manganese Bronze / High Strength Brass	Continuous/Centrifugal Casting
B505 / B271 / B22	C86300	C863 / CDA863	CC762S (CuZn25Al5Mn4Fe3-C)	Manganese Bronze / High Strength Brass	Continuous/Centrifugal Casting
B505 / B271 / B22	C90300	C903 / CDA903	-	Tin Bronze	Continuous/Centrifugal Casting
B505 / B271 / B22	C90500	C905 / CDA905	-	Tin Bronze	Continuous/Centrifugal Casting
B505 / B271 / B22	C90700	-	CC483K (CuSn12-C)	Tin Bronze	Continuous/Centrifugal Casting
B505 / B271 / B22	C92200	-	-	Tin Bronze	Continuous/Centrifugal Casting
B505 / B271 / B22	C92700	C927 / CDA927	CC480K (CuSn10-C)	Tin Bronze	Continuous/Centrifugal Casting
B505 / B271 / B22	C93200	C932 / CDA932	CC493K (CuSn7Zn4Pb7-C)	Leaded Tin Bronze	Continuous/Centrifugal Casting
B505 / B271 / B22	C93600	C936 / CDA936	-	Lead Bronze	Continuous/Centrifugal Casting
B505 / B271 / B22	C93700	C937 / CDA937	CC495K (CuSn10Pb10-C)	Lead Bronze	Continuous/Centrifugal Casting
B505 / B271 / B22	C93800	C938 / CDA938	CC496K (CuSn7Pb15-C)	Lead Bronze	Continuous/Centrifugal Casting
B505 / B271 / B22	C93900	C939 / CDA939	-	Lead Bronze	Continuous/Centrifugal Casting
B505 / B271 / B22	C94100	C941 / CDA941	CC497K (CuSn5Pb20-C)	Lead Bronze	Continuous/Centrifugal Casting
B505 / B271 / B22	C95200	C952 / CDA952	CC331G (CuAl10Fe2-C)	Aluminium Bronze	Continuous/Centrifugal Casting
B505 / B271 / B22	C95400	C954 / CDA954	-	Aluminium Bronze	Continuous/Centrifugal Casting
B505 / B271 / B22	C95500	C955 / CDA955	CC333G (CuAl10Fe5Ni5-C)	Aluminium Bronze	Continuous/Centrifugal Casting
B505 / B271 / B22	C95520	C955 / CDA955	-	Aluminium Bronze	Continuous/Centrifugal Casting
B505 / B271 / B22	C95800	C958 / CDA958	-	Aluminium Bronze	Continuous/Centrifugal Casting
B505 / B271 / B22	C95900	C959 / CDA959	-	Aluminium Bronze	Continuous/Centrifugal Casting

Procurement Note

When issuing a Purchase Order (PO), it is highly recommended to add the following to the remarks:
"Material must conform to ASTM B505/B271 requirements for cast bronze bar, and be free of porosity/inclusions."
This ensures the supplier provides bearing-specific dense continuous/centrifugal castings rather than generic porous sand-cast structural parts.

7. Advanced Engineering Properties (Design Notes)

Understanding the extended parameters in the material details view is critical for precision engineering and procurement.

Max PV Value (MPa·m/s)

This represents the operational limit of the bearing. Exceeding this value may cause frictional heat to surpass the oil film's dissipation capacity, leading to rapid wear. A 20% safety margin is recommended during design.

Machinability (C36000 Baseline)

Based on Free Cutting Brass (C36000) as the 100% standard. Lower values indicate faster tool wear. In mass production, materials with Machinability < 40% (e.g., Aluminum Bronze) typically require specialized carbide tooling.

Cost Index (1-10)

A composite metric evaluating raw material element costs (Sn, Ni, Al) combined with machining difficulty. High-alloy, hard-to-machine grades (like Nickel Aluminum Bronze) score up to 9.

Recommended Shaft Hardness (HB)

To mitigate mating shaft wear, the shaft should ideally be 30-50 HB harder than the bearing material. For material ratings of 150+ HB, surface induction-hardened steel shafts are highly recommended.

8. Wrapped Bronze Bushing Engineering Guidelines

Specific engineering recommendations for thin-walled, high-precision wrapped bushings based on our audited logic:

Process Priority

Wrapped bushings must utilize continuous cast or centrifugal cast Tin Bronze (e.g., CuSn6.5-P, CuSn8). Avoid forged/extruded materials as they are prone to delamination under radial friction.

Mating Shaft Requirements

CuSn4 / CuSn6.5-P: Minimum shaft hardness ≥ 250-300 HB (HRC 25-30) with a surface finish of Ra ≤ 0.8 μm.
CuSn8: Requires a harder shaft ≥ 300 HB (HRC 30) with a polished finish of Ra ≤ 0.6 μm.

Lubrication Adaptability

Wrapped bushings frequently operate under boundary lubrication. Phosphorus-bearing Tin Bronze (like CuSn6.5-P) is highly recommended. The phosphorus content enhances anti-friction properties, effectively minimizing adhesive wear after the rolling process.

9. High-Demand Applications of Wrapped Bronze Bushings

A comprehensive breakdown of industry-specific applications and primary material requirement focuses for wrapped bronze bushings.

1. Heavy Construction & Mining Equipment

Application Position	Material Requirement Focus
Excavator boom/arm articulation joints	High static load capacity, impact resistance, low embeddability
Crane slewing ring liners	Structural load endurance, corrosion resistance
Crusher/feeder pivot bearings	Abrasive contaminant tolerance, boundary lubrication capability
Hydraulic cylinder guide sleeves	Reciprocating motion stability, oil film retention

2. Energy & Power Generation

Application Position	Material Requirement Focus
Wind turbine pitch/yaw bearing liners	Long-term rotational fatigue resistance, atmospheric corrosion resistance
Solar tracker drive bearings	Intermittent motion durability, outdoor weathering resistance
Hydrogen compressor piston rings	Non-toxic lubrication compatibility, explosion-safe operation
Hydroelectric turbine guide bearings	Freshwater corrosion resistance, low-speed heavy-load stability

3. Industrial Automation & Machine Tools

Application Position	Material Requirement Focus
CNC machine tool spindle guides	High-precision dimensional stability, high-speed sliding performance
Robot RV reducer bushings	High torque cycling fatigue resistance, minimal backlash
High-speed printing/web handling rollers	Lightweight, thin-wall formability, low noise operation
Injection molding machine tie bar bearings	High clamping force resistance, temperature stability

4. Transportation (On-Highway & Rail)

Application Position	Material Requirement Focus
Commercial vehicle transmission synchronizers	High-volume manufacturability, high-speed wear resistance
Engine connecting rod small ends	Reciprocating fatigue strength, oil lubrication compatibility
Railway bogie suspension bearings	Vibration damping, extreme temperature stability
Electric vehicle drive motor bushings	High-speed rotation, electrical insulation compatibility

5. Fluid Handling & Process Equipment

Application Position	Material Requirement Focus
Centrifugal pump wear rings	Acid/chemical corrosion resistance, cavitation resistance
Valve stem thrust washers	Frequent start-stop tolerance, sealing surface compatibility
Desalination plant shaft bearings	Seawater corrosion resistance, biofouling prevention
Food/pharmaceutical processing mixers	Lead-free compliance, clean-in-place (CIP) compatibility

6. Specialized Industrial Machinery

Application Position	Material Requirement Focus
Steel mill rolling stand bearings	High-temperature stability, scale contaminant tolerance
Paper machine wet-end rollers	Moisture corrosion resistance, soft-shaft protection
Agricultural tractor PTO shafts	Dust/mud ingress tolerance, seasonal operation durability

10. Key Engineering Notes (Neutral Technical Guidance)

Manufacturing Process

Continuous centrifugal casting is preferred over extruded/wrought stock to avoid delamination risks.

Shaft Compatibility

Hardness differential of 30–50 HB between bushing and shaft is recommended to minimize mating surface wear.

Lubrication Regime

Boundary lubrication applications require materials with inherent solid lubricant phases (e.g., phosphorus, bismuth) rather than relying solely on oil films.

Environmental Compliance

Potable water/food contact applications must use lead-free alloys meeting relevant regional regulations.

Engineering Reliability Note

In failure analysis, a significant percentage of premature bearing replacements are traced back to mating shaft surface damage. The core logic of these material categories is to utilize the bearing's hardness profile to establish correct shaft surface specifications. This approach is fundamental to mechanical reliability.

Customization & Engineering Consulting Specific products and material combinations can be tailored. Please consult our technical engineering team for kinematic analysis and material optimization recommendations based on your operational conditions.

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Expert Guide: Sliding Bearing Material Specification & Compliance Audit